This brings us once again to Br or the residual flux value, the pole orientation is now opposite the first satura-
tion state. Finally reversing the current back to its original direction we can exercise the sample through the curve
once more and pass through the +HC value to arrive once again at the Br value. We have now completed the hys-
teresis loop for the material and can draw a curve relating B to H as shown in figure "y".
Figure 10, Hysteresis Loop
This curve is fundamental to characterizing and comparing classes and grades of magnetic materials.
An important aspect of magnetic materials behavior is dependent on the physical arrangement of the magnet in
the application. In a motor the permanent magnet is operating in a magnetic circuit with mostly low reluctance
paths for the field to circulate through. In many sensor applications however the magnet operates with little or
no magnetic circuit. This operating condition is known as open loop operation.
B
H
Before magnetic force is applied (current),
domains are randomly oriented and no
energy is created.
B
S
0
When magnetic force is applied, domains
become oriented in the direction of the
applied field.
A
B
S
0
When magnetic force (current) is removed,
domains don't completely randomize,
therefor retaining some of the energy.
A
B
r
B+
0
When magnetic force (current) is reversed,
and released, the inverse of the above
occurs, creating the complete hysteresis
loop.
The hysteresis loop is unique to all magnetic
materials. This diagram does not illustrate
any specific material or magnetic circuit
A
B
r
B-
H+
H-
B
r
H
c
H
c
B
r
 = residual inductance
H
c
 = coercive force
 
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